// MersenneTwisterFast.java
//
// (c) 1999-2001 PAL Development Core Team
//
// This package may be distributed under the
// terms of the Lesser GNU General Public License (LGPL)



// Original file MersenneTwisterFast.java
// (c) 1999-2000 by Michael Lecuyer and Sean Luke
// see also http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/seanl/


package pal.math;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;


/** 
 * MersenneTwisterFast:
 *
 * A simulation quality fast random number generator (MT19937)
 * with the  same public methods as java.util.Random.
 
 * <p>About the Mersenne Twister.
 * This is a Java version of the C-program for MT19937: Integer version.
 * next(32) generates one pseudorandom unsigned integer (32bit)
 * which is uniformly distributed among 0 to 2^32-1  for each
 * call.  next(int bits) >>>'s by (32-bits) to get a value ranging
 * between 0 and 2^bits-1 long inclusive; hope that's correct.
 * setSeed(seed) set initial values to the working area
 * of 624 words. For setSeed(seed), seed is any 32-bit integer 
 * except for 0.
 *<p>
 * Reference. 
 * M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura,
 * "Mersenne Twister: A 623-Dimensionally Equidistributed Uniform
 * Pseudo-Random Number Generator",
 * <i>ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation,</i>
 * Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1998, pp 3--30.
 *
 * <p>Bug Fixes. This implementation implements the bug fixes made
 * in Java 1.2's version of Random, which means it can be used with
 * earlier versions of Java.  See 
 * <a href="http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/util/Random.html">
 * the JDK 1.2 java.util.Random documentation</a> for further documentation
 * on the random-number generation contracts made.  Additionally, there's
 * an undocumented bug in the JDK java.util.Random.nextBytes() method,
 * which this code fixes.
 *
 * <p> Important Note.  Just like java.util.Random, this
 * generator accepts a long seed but doesn't use all of it.  java.util.Random
 * uses 48 bits.  The Mersenne Twister instead uses 32 bits (int size).
 * So it's best if your seed does not exceed the int range.
 *
 * <p><a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/seanl/">Sean Luke's web page</a>
 *
 * <P>
 * - added shuffling method (Alexei Drummond)
 */
public class MersenneTwisterFast implements Serializable
    {
    // Period parameters
    private static final int N = 624;
    private static final int M = 397;
    private static final int MATRIX_A = 0x9908b0df;   //  private static final * constant vector a
    private static final int UPPER_MASK = 0x80000000; // most significant w-r bits
    private static final int LOWER_MASK = 0x7fffffff; // least significant r bits


    // Tempering parameters
    private static final int TEMPERING_MASK_B = 0x9d2c5680;
    private static final int TEMPERING_MASK_C = 0xefc60000;
    
    // #define TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)  (y >>> 11)
    // #define TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)  (y << 7)
    // #define TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)  (y << 15)
    // #define TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)  (y >>> 18)
    
    private int mt[]; // the array for the state vector
    private int mti; // mti==N+1 means mt[N] is not initialized
    private int mag01[];
    
    // a good initial seed (of int size, though stored in a long)
    private static final long GOOD_SEED = 4357;

    private double nextNextGaussian;
    private boolean haveNextNextGaussian;


    /**
     * Constructor using the time of day as default seed.
     */
    public MersenneTwisterFast()
        {
		this((new Date()).getTime());
        }
    
    /**
     * Constructor using a given seed.  Though you pass this seed in
     * as a long, it's best to make sure it's actually an integer.
     *
     * @param seed generator starting number, often the time of day.
     */
    public MersenneTwisterFast(long seed)
	{
		if (seed == 0)
		{
			setSeed(GOOD_SEED);
		}
		else
		{
			setSeed(seed);
		}
        }

	/**
	 * Returns an array of shuffled indices of length l.
	 * @param l length of the array required.
	 */
	 public int[] shuffled(int l) {
	 
	 	int[] array = new int[l];
		
		// initialize array
		for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
			array[i] = i;
		}

		for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
			int index = nextInt(l-i) + i;
			int temp = array[index];
			array[index] = array[i];
			array[i] = temp;
		} 
	
		return array;
	}
    
    /**
     * Initalize the pseudo random number generator.
     * The Mersenne Twister only uses an integer for its seed;
     * It's best that you don't pass in a long that's bigger
     * than an int.
     *
     * @param seed from constructor
     *
     */
    public final void setSeed(long seed)
        {
	haveNextNextGaussian = false;

	mt = new int[N];
	
	// setting initial seeds to mt[N] using
	// the generator Line 25 of Table 1 in
	// [KNUTH 1981, The Art of Computer Programming
	//    Vol. 2 (2nd Ed.), pp102]

	// the 0xffffffff is commented out because in Java
	// ints are always 32 bits; hence i & 0xffffffff == i

	mt[0]= ((int)seed); // & 0xffffffff;

	for (mti = 1; mti < N; mti++)
	    mt[mti] = (69069 * mt[mti-1]); //& 0xffffffff;

	// mag01[x] = x * MATRIX_A  for x=0,1
	mag01 = new int[2];
	mag01[0] = 0x0;
	mag01[1] = MATRIX_A;
        }
    
    public final int nextInt()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return y;
	}



    public final short nextShort()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return (short)(y >>> 16);
	}



    public final char nextChar()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return (char)(y >>> 16);
	}


    public final boolean nextBoolean()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return (boolean)((y >>> 31) != 0);
	}


    public final byte nextByte()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return (byte)(y >>> 24);
	}


    public final void nextBytes(byte[] bytes)
	{
	int y;
	
	for (int x=0;x<bytes.length;x++)
	    {
	    if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		{
		int kk;
		
		for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		
		mti = 0;
		}
	    
	    y = mt[mti++];
	    y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	    y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	    y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	    y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	    bytes[x] = (byte)(y >>> 24);
	    }
	}


    public final long nextLong()
	{
	int y;
	int z;

	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
		}
	    z = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
	    
	    mti = 0;
	    }
	
	z = mt[mti++];
	z ^= z >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(z)
	z ^= (z << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(z)
	z ^= (z << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(z)
	z ^= (z >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(z)
	
	return (((long)y) << 32) + (long)z;
	}


    public final double nextDouble()
	{
	int y;
	int z;

	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
		}
	    z = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
	    
	    mti = 0;
	    }
	
	z = mt[mti++];
	z ^= z >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(z)
	z ^= (z << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(z)
	z ^= (z << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(z)
	z ^= (z >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(z)
	
	/* derived from nextDouble documentation in jdk 1.2 docs, see top */
	return ((((long)(y >>> 6)) << 27) + (z >>> 5)) / (double)(1L << 53);
	}





    public final double nextGaussian()
	{
	if (haveNextNextGaussian)
	    {
	    haveNextNextGaussian = false;
	    return nextNextGaussian;
	    } 
	else 
	    {
	    double v1, v2, s;
	    do 
		{ 
		int y;
		int z;
		int a;
		int b;
		    
		    if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
			{
			int kk;
			
			for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
			    {
			    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			    mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
			    }
			for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
			    {
			    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			    mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
			    }
			y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
			
			mti = 0;
			}
		
		y = mt[mti++];
		y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
		y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
		y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
		y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)
		
		if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		    {
		    int kk;
		    
		    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
			{
			z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
			}
		    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
			{
			z = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
			}
		    z = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (z >>> 1) ^ mag01[z & 0x1];
		    
		    mti = 0;
		    }
		
		z = mt[mti++];
		z ^= z >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(z)
		z ^= (z << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(z)
		z ^= (z << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(z)
		z ^= (z >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(z)
		
		if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		    {
		    int kk;
		    
		    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
			{
			a = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (a >>> 1) ^ mag01[a & 0x1];
			}
		    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
			{
			a = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (a >>> 1) ^ mag01[a & 0x1];
			}
		    a = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (a >>> 1) ^ mag01[a & 0x1];
		    
		    mti = 0;
		    }
		
		a = mt[mti++];
		a ^= a >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(a)
		a ^= (a << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(a)
		a ^= (a << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(a)
		a ^= (a >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(a)
		
		if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		    {
		    int kk;
		    
		    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
			{
			b = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (b >>> 1) ^ mag01[b & 0x1];
			}
		    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
			{
			b = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
			mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (b >>> 1) ^ mag01[b & 0x1];
			}
		    b = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (b >>> 1) ^ mag01[b & 0x1];
		    
		    mti = 0;
		    }
		
		b = mt[mti++];
		b ^= b >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(b)
		b ^= (b << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(b)
		b ^= (b << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(b)
		b ^= (b >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(b)
		
		/* derived from nextDouble documentation in jdk 1.2 docs, see top */
		v1 = 2 *
		    (((((long)(y >>> 6)) << 27) + (z >>> 5)) / (double)(1L << 53))
		    - 1;
		v2 = 2 * (((((long)(a >>> 6)) << 27) + (b >>> 5)) / (double)(1L << 53))
		    - 1;
		s = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2;
		} while (s >= 1);
	    double multiplier = Math.sqrt(-2 * Math.log(s)/s);
	    nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier;
	    haveNextNextGaussian = true;
	    return v1 * multiplier;
	    }
	}
    
    
    
    








    public final float nextFloat()
	{
	int y;
	
	if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
	    {
	    int kk;
	    
	    for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		{
		y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		}
	    y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
	    mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];

	    mti = 0;
	    }
  
	y = mt[mti++];
	y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)

	return (y >>> 8) / ((float)(1 << 24));
	}



    /** Returns an integer drawn uniformly from 0 to n-1.  Suffice it to say,
	n must be > 0, or an IllegalArgumentException is raised. */
    public int nextInt(int n)
	{
	if (n<=0)
	    throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
	
	if ((n & -n) == n)  // i.e., n is a power of 2
	    {
	    int y;
	
	    if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		{
		int kk;
		
		for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		
		mti = 0;
		}
	    
	    y = mt[mti++];
	    y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	    y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	    y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	    y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)
	    
	    return (int)((n * (long) (y >>> 1) ) >> 31);
	    }
	
	int bits, val;
	do 
	    {
	    int y;
	    
	    if (mti >= N)   // generate N words at one time
		{
		int kk;
		
		for (kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+M] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		for (; kk < N-1; kk++)
		    {
		    y = (mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[kk+1] & LOWER_MASK);
		    mt[kk] = mt[kk+(M-N)] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		    }
		y = (mt[N-1] & UPPER_MASK) | (mt[0] & LOWER_MASK);
		mt[N-1] = mt[M-1] ^ (y >>> 1) ^ mag01[y & 0x1];
		
		mti = 0;
		}
	    
	    y = mt[mti++];
	    y ^= y >>> 11;                          // TEMPERING_SHIFT_U(y)
	    y ^= (y << 7) & TEMPERING_MASK_B;       // TEMPERING_SHIFT_S(y)
	    y ^= (y << 15) & TEMPERING_MASK_C;      // TEMPERING_SHIFT_T(y)
	    y ^= (y >>> 18);                        // TEMPERING_SHIFT_L(y)
	
	    bits = (y >>> 1);
	    val = bits % n;
	    } while(bits - val + (n-1) < 0);
	return val;
	}
  
    }

